Flies of medium to large size, thickset, body length 10.0-18.0 mm,
covered with dense hairs or mostly bare with only sparse hairs,
without macrochaetae. Oral organs rudimentary. Ocelli developed.
Wing vein M1 curved towards anterior edge of
wing, and a separate prolongation of M2
developed in some genera. Thoracal scales large. Female ovipositor
short, non-projecting.
The larval body in all instars is elongated, and flat on the ventral
side. Larvae are acephalic, and oral hooks are present in all three
larval instars. Sclerotized spines are present on the anterior edges
of the body segments, arranged mostly in perpendicular rows. The
posterior peritremes are oval with numerous respiratory pores.
These warble flies are specific parasites of mammals of the orders
Marsupialia, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla and Arctiodactyla, and they
cause important economic damage in sheep, deer, horses and camels (Grunin
1957,
Zumpt 1965). The viviparous females lay first instar larvae in
the nostrils of their hosts. The larvae live as parasites in the
head cavities or in the throat, where they survive the winter
period. In spring they moult twice, having three instars. Full-grown
larvae are sneezed out through the nose cavity and pupate in the
soil. The growth and the expulsion of the larvae are successive
processes. Adults do not feed and have a brief life in summer. Males
hilltop during the mating period. Warble flies have one generation
in the temperate zone and two generations in the subtropics.
The family contains some 35
species, mostly in the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions, and ten
species are known in Europe. Five of these are recorded from the
Czech Republic and Slovakia, where they are the subject of a
monograph (Minář
1980,
1997). Data on the systematics, morphology and biology of warble
flies can be found in several monographs (Grunin
1957,
Minář 1980,
2000,
Papp & Szappanos 1992,
Soós & Minář 1986,
Zumpt 1965).
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